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Although even when it comes to things like human biology, our culture still influences the way we perceive and understand it. Deborah Lupton references Gallagher and LaquerAbsolutely 100% agreed, just because a culture has two genders doesn't mean there can't be variances within them, and the Maasai are a fantastic example of that. Biological sex plays just a minor role in their gender, and that's acceptable as that's their culture. It's staggering to think that we've become so closed off to the ideas of variance that we're now here, in this point and time, supposedly more enlightened than ever, and yet we're seeing bomb threats on children's hospitals because they engage in gender-affirming care, which is "wrong" to some people. Astounding how backwards we've become.
Scholars have only recently discovered that the human body itself has a history. Not only has it been perceived, interpreted, and represented differently in different epochs, but it has also been lived differently, brought into being within widely dissimilar material cultures, subjected to various technologies and means of control, and incorporated into different rhythms of production and consumption, pleasure and pain.
Lupton herself later goes on to state
The human body can no longer be considered a given reality, but as the product of certain kinds of knowledge which are subject to change. As Haraway (1989:10) remarks: 'odies then, are not born: they are made.' This is not to say that the body is a purely discursive construct, possessing no physical reality; indeed, the body may be viewed as 'an admixture of discourse and matter, one whose inseparability is a critical, though complex, attribute.'
Which is why I usually speak of things like the dual processes of embodiment and enculturation and try to not lose sight of the fact that the biological and sociocultural mutually constitute each other.
The work in general on gender and sex within fields like cultural/social anthropology is really interesting. It can become even more engaging when you start also including insights from fields like medical anthropology and neuroanthropology. Although the book I have been quoting from in this post is from medical sociology. Just think, if you lived in the same city as me, you could freely borrow from my personal library. I have like 1,400 books from the social sciences. Granted I have only read like 300 of them. One day...one day.
What they are doing is really shocking and it has been going on for decades now. It is essentially the same playbook that was used against homosexuals in the 1980s and 90s. It was earlier used against ethnic minorities as well.
I also don't want to defend evolutionary psychologists as they were simply defending the status quo. Sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists tried to dress their ethnocentric heterosexism up as science, but it was incredibly superficial and filled with inaccuracies, misdirection and flaws. It was essentially a smoke and mirrors trick. Even when they attempted to address the vast quantity of cross cultural and historical data they did so in quite deceptive ways.When it's an issue like this one, where the evidence is clear as day, the opposition just loves to stomp their feet and throw a fit because they want their side to be right. It goes from fact exchanging intellectual debate to whomever shouts loudest wins in their mind, very quickly!